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Most written material, including this very book, contains a high number of words that, although providing context and structure, are not directly useful or interesting. In the last sentence, the words that, and, are, and or are not of particular interest, even if the sentence would make less sense without them. These words are typically called stop words, and are often ignored by computer systems whose job is to analyze and search through text, because they aren t words most people are likely to be searching for (as opposed to nouns, for example). Google is a perfect example of this, as it doesn t want to have to store information that takes up space and that s generally irrelevant to searches.

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Just as with the Setting slide, it might be a good match with the nancial executives in the room to use a chart on these two slides. Sketch a chart of the company s at returns on the Point A slide, as shown on the upper-left slide in Figure 7-7. On the Point B slide, sketch several dotted arrows pointing up toward a range of possible improved returns, as shown on the upper-right slide in Figure 7-7. Although charts are normally considered purely objective displays of information, this chart is sure to stir up emotions if the executives are unhappy with the numbers at Point A and would like to get to Point B. The use of this particular chart in this context makes an emotional connection with this audience, although in other contexts and to other audiences, the same chart might not work. As with all presentations, sketch the graphics that are the best t for your own audience.

Note For more information about stop words, including links to complete lists, visit http://en.wikipedia.

It could be assumed that more interesting text, or text by a more proficient author, might have a lower percentage of stop words and a higher percentage of useful or interesting words. You can easily extend your application to work out the percentage of non stop words in the supplied text. The first step is to build up a list of stop words. There are hundreds of possible stop words, but you ll start with just a handful. Let s create an array to hold them:

The first point that the keys may be of any immutable type is the main strength of dictionaries, while the second point is important, too. Just look at the difference here: >>> x = [] >>> x[42] = 'Foobar' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in IndexError: list assignment index out of range >>> x = {} >>> x[42] = 'Foobar' >>> x {42: 'Foobar'} First, I try to assign the string 'Foobar' to position 42 in an empty list clearly impossible because that position does not exist. To make this possible, I would have to initialize x with [None]*43 or something, rather than simply []. The next attempt, however, works perfectly. Here I assign 'Foobar' to the key 42 of an empty dictionary; no problem! A new item is simply added to the dictionary and I m in business.

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stop_words = %w{the a by on for of are with just but and to the my I has some in}

= ['a', 'b', 'c']. However, like many languages, Ruby has a shortcut that builds arrays quickly with string-separated text. This segment can be shorted to the equivalent x = %w{a b c}, as demonstrated in the preceding stop word code.

FIGURE 7-7 Two ways to sketch the pair of Point A and Point B slides. Top row: Sketch a chart on the

For demonstration purposes, let s write a small, separate program to test the concept:

Listing 4-1 shows the code for the telephone book example. Here is a sample run of the program: Name: Beth Phone number (p) or address (a) p Beth's phone number is 9102.

text = %q{Los Angeles has some of the nicest weather in the country.} stop_words = %w{the a by on for of are with just but and to the my I has some} words = text.scan(/\w+/) key_words = words.select { |word| !stop_words.include (word) } puts key_words.join(' ')

When you run this code, you get the following result: